PM 3/78 (2) Consignment inspection of seed and grain of cereals

EPPO BulletinVolume 51, Issue 3 p. 387-396 STANDARD - PHYTOSANITARY PROCEDURESFree Access PM 3/78 (2) Consignment inspection of seed and grain cereals First published: 25 November 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12772 Authors contributors are given in the Acknowledgements section. AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text full-text accessPlease review our Terms Conditions Use check box below share version article.I have read accept Wiley Online Library UseShareable LinkUse link a this article with your friends colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Specific scope This Standard describes procedure by which consignments subjected import control, including sampling detection. covers from wheat (Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum), triticale (Triticosecale), rice (Oryza sativa), rye (Secale cereale), oat (Avena barley (Hordeum vulgare), maize (Zea mays) millets (Sorghum spp. others). Contamination lots invasive alien plants is not considered Standard. does cover small imported for trials or breeding purposes. approval approved 2015-09. Revision 2021-09. 1 INTRODUCTION There many important cereal crops region. The covered produced region but also other parts world (e.g. Argentina, Australia, Canada, India, USA). Imported may carry regulated pests be specific one affect different species. These listed A1 A2 Lists recommended regulation as quarantine countries. Depending on its origin, member countries require that and/or should already been inspected field during growing season. For cereals, they tested representative samples found free relevant organisms. example, requirements European Union imports where Tilletia indica occurs consist area freedom pest place production grain. grain, evaluated crop well testing at harvest pre-shipment finding them pathogen. Some similar controversa Xanthomonas translucens pv. (both occur countries). consignment Listronotus bonariensis (absent region). 2 INSPECTIONS ISPM no. 5 Glossary Phytosanitary (IPPC, 2016) defines ‘Official visual examination plants, plant products articles determine if present compliance phytosanitary regulations’. General background information 3/72 Elements common places production, area-wide surveillance, lot identification (EPPO, 2009). Because usually appropriate most seed-borne pests, collecting laboratory included procedures. It often necessary take detection pathogen concern. Inspection carried out organisms risk has yet determined. When an unfamiliar Alert List detected, procedures specified 5/2 Pest analysis 2002) followed allow NPPO make decision what action take. described mainly importing country, applicable export (when country similar, e.g. same covered). general elements apply both exporting country. Inspections performed point entry although can inland locations unloading. One advantages inspections points it reduce being spread transport distributed number locations. In addition, re-export more viable option ports than those inland. An advantage easier sample throughout compared entry, only possible entrance shipping containers. taken remain under official control until final result confirms absence pests. Seeds sown processed confirmed. COMMODITIES CONCERNED Seed traded either bags bulk. intended planting smaller quantities Grain consumption processing animal feed human consumption. 4 REGULATED PESTS LIKELY TO BE CARRIED IN CONSIGNMENTS OF SEEDS AND GRAIN CEREALS THE REGION relates recognized considered, primarily aimed preventing introduction these into via They could used detect non-regulated exotic economic relevance Soil-borne their presence very low any incidental. Datasheets Diagnostic Protocols available (2021). additional up-to-date respective scientific literature used. subject additions deletions. list will therefore need revised whenever new listed. Wheat Other Fungi Bacteria (Tilletiaceae) (Azerbaijan 2007, Israel 2009, Tunisia Quarantine 2012) Insects Rye Rice Nematodes Aphelenchoides besseyi oryzae oryzicola Barley Viruses stripe mosaic virus (Israel Jordan 2013, Georgia 2018, Turkey 2016, Uzbekistan 2008, Oats Maize Pantoea stewartii Cochliobolus carbonum Kazakhstan 2017) Stenocarpella macrospora maydis LOT IDENTIFICATION (1) A represents homogenous part consignment. case criteria commodity, variety production. Consignments Common applied arriving bags, such commodity wheat, barley), bulk bulk, difficult identify homogeneous lots, mixture areas As result, adequate great importance ensure results. defined accordance chosen procedure. Lots smallest quantity handled separately compartment container). 6 SAMPLING section contains guidance seeds grains cereals. following guidelines International Testing Association (ISTA). reveal contaminating insect lighter weight pathogens nematodes. To pathogens, combined nematodes, focuses testing. done after checking documents associated (in particular Certificate) integrity carrying 20 Guidelines regulatory system 23 2005a). 6.1 Sampling (general aspects) minimum size primary (size sample) so composite (aggregated samples) least amount required requested test. Table 31 Methodologies 2005b) needed level infection seed, stringent If 2995 provides 95% confidence detecting 0.1% seeds. 4603 would provide 99% 1000-seed cereal, met minimal sizes between 0.5 2.5 kg. up 100 kg start overall packaging means conveyance obtain indications adverse conditions temperature, high moisture content), physical condition look live dead insects. identified, account target higher infestation. proportion each then systematic signs above. tested, intensity (number indicated ISTA (see 1) (ISTA, 2021). no difference needs both. over kg, container targeted sampling. 2) 2021) ISO 3) (ISO 24333:2009) bigger lots. static attention must paid distribution pile (Figure 1). TABLE 1. Minimum based Number containers/bags 1–4 container/bag 5–8 9–15 16–30 15 31–59 60–100 30 2. according (to nearest kg) 100–500 At 501–3000 300 less 3001–20 000 500 10 More 001 700 40 3. 1500 tonnes Norm 24333:2009 (mass 0.4 Size (L) L < per 8 45 11 18 = 4. Simplified sampled meet statistical analytical Cereal Sample (g) grain/seed Wheat/triticale 300/500 1500/2500 Millets Note weights indicate working (for grain) seed) lot. FIGURE 1Open figure viewerPowerPoint Example pattern types 6.2 (specific Samples preferably when unloaded placed performed. Primary using sticks spears ‘stick trier’, ‘spiral trier’ ‘Nobbe trier’). trier correspond type sampled. width opening about double length two five times opening. Its penetrate half bags. randomly selected top, middle bottom aggregated form sample, reduced (working samples). usual practice divider riffle separate samples. collected carefully, packed tightly muslin sealed movement within bag. Each bag packaged polypropylene prevent escape harmful quality checks cargo agents rules, subsample agent's original checks. depends strongly practical limitations possibilities unloading inspection. importer's agent always techniques adapted situation encountered automatic manual stream, sampler) conveyor system. regular intervals long flowing. still truck, trailer, wagon, barge temporary store, inspector collect evenly example Figure constitute sample. sampling, depth receptacle height pile. Up m, conducted manually. mechanical Between 9 suction devices considerable height, every m corresponds However, loading/unloading, flowing, bucket loader subdivided 2Open sampler was first drafted later updated Mr A. Von Felten Swiss Federal Plant Protection Service (CH). reviewed Panel Inspections. APPENDIX Symptoms, otherwise mentioned basic host range, biology, Pests Europe, 2nd edition (EPPO/CABI, 1997), Standards. Illustrations website (http://www.eppo.int). exists, text. fact there mean diagnostic method literature. (A) (EPPO List) Can triticale, rye, rice, barley, oat, maize. Symptom description polyphagous pasture grasses native South America. major symptoms adults rectangular holes near leaf tips, like windows. produce fibrous frass deposits leaves. Larvae lower stems cause yellowing young details Datasheet. adult stage found. Description Colour variable light grey-brown dark brown black, mm 1.5 wide. compact, hard bodied pronounced snout characteristic white pale stripes. body numerous hairs wax-like scales tend hold dust, producing dirty grey appearance (Ferro, 1976). Of inspection, 50–100 g tray. Any beetles examined hand lens dissecting microscope. diagnosis made suspicious insects sent confirmation. (B) triticale. partially colonized, showing various degrees infection. Point infections common, down axial groove and, severe cases, whole appear bunted (a picture infected T. (Karnal bunt) viewed 7/29(3) indica). main consignments. indication, sufficient identification, indica. distinct morphology teliospores resulting On infestation, seen surface naked eye low-power microscopy (910–970 magnification) (Mathur & Cunfer, 1993). 2018). creates bunt balls florets superficially black fragile (pericarps) remains intact initially (covered smut) easily broken harvest. levels infection, harvested appears mixed (Murray Wright, 2007). Teliospores yellow-brown red-brown (mature spores mostly much darker), globose subglobose, 19–24 µm (17–32 µm) diameter. Mature typically surrounded hyaline gelatinous sheath 1.5–5.5 thick. median view, exospore reticulate, relatively large, regular, polygonal areolae, 1.5–3 3.5 diameter (CABI, 2014a). spore caries, almost impossible. Severe infestations eye. According Protocol Australian National Contingency Plan 2007), detailed morphological studies multigene sequencing ef1, actin rpb2 genes. (3) No visible indication become mouldy. Visual accurate C. carbonum, directly diagnostics Cf2.1 ISU Freezing Blotter Method (McGee, 1994). (4) infested species show discoloration shrivelled, mouldy rotten heavily infected. fungal symptoms. asymptomatically. S. maydis, Information provided Datasheet maydis. (C) barley. Symptoms easy detect. Kernels shrunken base purple-black surface. misidentified physiological disorders X. translucens, 1997). rice. pathovars do seeds, Details 7/80 subsp. Harvested severely deformed, discoloured 2014c). P. 7/60(2) 2016). (D) reduction sometimes discolouration, lesions empty 2014b). frequently infestation seen. Isolation chaff hulls rules annexed chapter 7, Health Methods: 7-025: Detection Oryza sativa protocol 7/39 2017). (E) shrivelled. 3/34 hordeivirus 1991). Short inspectors short includes work entry. documentary identity out. outline variety, origin category. large separately. practice, cultivar get lot, (amount Tables 1, respecting taking consignments) amounts shows simplified order met. 3Open Appropriate equipment organisms: Commodity symptom Bunted kernels Bunt Adult discoloration, observed Oat With exception L. bonariensis, above-mentioned without obvious REFERENCES CABI (2014a) Invasive Species Compendium, datasheet: controversa. Compendium. CAB International, Wallingford (GB). www.cabi.org.isc. (2014b) besseyi. CABInternational, (2014c) Crop stewartii. EPPO/CABI (1997) Europe Datasheets, edn. (2021) Global Database. Available at: https://gd.eppo.int/ (1991) hordeivirus: Test Bulletin OEPP/EPPO 21, 257– 259. (2017) 7/39(2) 47, 384– 400. (2016) 46, 226– 236. (2018) indica, EPPO, Paris. 48, 7– 31. (2007) oryzae. 37, 543– 553. (2009) wide identification. 39, 260– 262. (2002) 32, 235– 239. Ferro DN (1976) New Zealand Lincoln University College Agriculture, Zealand. IPPC Standards 20: system, 2004. Secretariat, Rome (IT). Terms. (2005a) 23: 2005. (2005b) consignments, 24333 Cereals ad products- https://www.iso.org/standard/42165.html#:~:text=ISO%2024333%3A2009%20specifies%20requirements,of%20their%20quality%20and%20condition. Rules 2021, Chapter 2: Sampling. ISTA, Zurich Mathur SB Cunfer BM (1993) Seed-Borne Diseases Wheat. pp. 31– 43. Danish Government Institute Pathology Developing Countries, Copenhagen (DK). McGee DC (1994) assays Stewarts wilt diseases corn. In: Proc. Annu. Corn Sorghum Res. Conf. 161– 168. American Trade Association, Washington (US). Murray GM Wright DG controversa, Cause Dwarf Part I: Risk Assessment’. Canberra, ACT, Australia. vi +16 Volume51, Issue3December 2021Pages FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation